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References.

Primary sources cited across the site. Numbers in this list match the citation markers used in our content pages.

  1. Kruegel AC, Grundmann O. The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134(Pt A):108-120.
  2. Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Wang DW. The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):573-589.
  3. Kruegel AC, Gassaway MM, Kapoor A, et al. Synthetic and Receptor Signaling Explorations of the Mitragyna Alkaloids: Mitragynine as an Atypical Molecular Framework for Opioid Receptor Modulators. J Am Chem Soc. 2016;138(21):6754-6764.
  4. Váradi A, Marrone GF, Palmer TC, et al. Mitragynine/Corynantheidine Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Analgesics with Mu Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit β-Arrestin-2. J Med Chem. 2016;59(18):8381-8397.
  5. Hemby SE, McIntosh S, Leon F, Cutler SJ, McCurdy CR. Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Addict Biol. 2019;24(5):874-885.
  6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA and Kratom. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-kratom
  7. Drug Enforcement Administration. Kratom Drug Fact Sheet. https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom
  8. Smith KE, Rogers JM, Schriefer D, Grundmann O. Therapeutic benefit with caveats? Analyzing social media data to understand the complexities of kratom use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;226:108879.
  9. Garcia-Romeu A, Cox DJ, Smith KE, Dunn KE, Griffiths RR. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;208:107849.
  10. Singh D, Müller CP, Vicknasingam BK. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;139:132-137.

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